5074 lines
71 KiB
Plaintext
5074 lines
71 KiB
Plaintext
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [...]>
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<book id="BusyBoxDocumentation">
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<bookinfo>
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<title>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</title>
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<legalnotice>
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<para>
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This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
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it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
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License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
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version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
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version.
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</para>
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<para>
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
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useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
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warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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See the GNU General Public License for more details.
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</para>
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<para>
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
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Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
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MA 02111-1307 USA
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</para>
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<para>
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For more details see the file COPYING in the source
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distribution of Linux.
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</para>
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</legalnotice>
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</bookinfo>
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<toc></toc>
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<chapter id="Introduction">
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<title>Introduction</title>
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<para>
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BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
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small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
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utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
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grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
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for any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
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fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options
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that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
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like their GNU counterparts.
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</para>
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<para>
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BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
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mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
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commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
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your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
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shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
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</para>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="Syntax">
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<title>How to use BusyBox</title>
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<sect1 id="How to use BusyBox">
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<title>Syntax</title
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<para>
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<screen>
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BusyBox <function> [arguments...] # or
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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<function> [arguments...] # if symlinked
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Invoking BusyBox">
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<para>
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When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
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BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
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has been invoked.
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</para>
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<para>
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For example, entering
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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ln -s ./BusyBox ls
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./ls
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
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into BusyBox).
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</para>
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<para>
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You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
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command line. For example, entering
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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./BusyBox ls
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="Common options">
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<para>
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Most BusyBox commands support the <emphasis>--help</emphasis> option to provide
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a terse runtime description of their behavior.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="Commands">
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<title>BusyBox Commands</title>
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<sect1 id="Available BusyBox Commands">
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<title>Available BusyBox Commands</title>
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<para>
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Currently defined functions include:
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</para>
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<para>
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ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cp, cut, date,
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dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, du, dutmp, echo, false, fbset,
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fdflush, find, free, freeramdisk, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt,
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head, hostid, hostname, id, init, insmod, kill, killall, length, ln,
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loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, mkdir,
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mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, more, mount, mt, mv, nc,
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nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, reboot, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed,
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setkeycodes, sfdisk, sh, sleep, sort, swapoff, swapon, sync, syslogd, tail,
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tar, tee, telnet, test, touch, tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update,
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uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, wc, which, whoami, yes, zcat, [
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="ar">
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<title>ar</title>
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<para>
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Usage: ar [OPTION] archive [FILENAME]...
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</para>
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<para>
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Extract or list files from an ar archive.
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</para>
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<para>
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Options:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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o Preserve original dates
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p Extract to stdout
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t List
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x Extract
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v Verbosely list files processed
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="basename">
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<title>basename</title>
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<para>
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Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
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</para>
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<para>
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Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
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any trailing SUFFIX.
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</para>
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<para>
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Example:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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$ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
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foo
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$ basename /usr/local/bin/
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bin
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$ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
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bar
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="cat">
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<title>cat</title>
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<para>
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Usage: cat [FILE]...
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</para>
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<para>
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Concatenate <literal>FILE(s)</literal> and prints them to the standard
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output.
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</para>
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<para>
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Example:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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$ cat /proc/uptime
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110716.72 17.67
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="chgrp">
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<title>chgrp</title>
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<para>
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Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
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</para>
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<para>
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Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
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</para>
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<para>
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Options:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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-R Change files and directories recursively
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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Example:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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$ chgrp root /tmp/foo
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="chmod">
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<title>chmod</title>
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<para>
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Usage: chmod [<emphasis>-R</emphasis>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
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</para>
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<para>
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Change file access permissions for the specified
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<literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories). Each MODE is defined by
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combining the letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
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selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a PERMISSION for
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<literal>FILE(s)</literal> (or directories).
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</para>
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<para>
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WHO may be chosen from
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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u User who owns the file
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g Users in the file's Group
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o Other users not in the file's group
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a All users
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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OPERATOR may be chosen from
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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+ Add a permission
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- Remove a permission
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= Assign a permission
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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PERMISSION may be chosen from
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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r Read
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w Write
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x Execute (or access for directories)
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s Set user (or group) ID bit
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t Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
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numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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4 Read
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2 Write
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1 Execute
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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4 Set user ID
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2 Set group ID
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1 Sticky bit
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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Options:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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-R Change files and directories recursively.
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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Example:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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$ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
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$ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="chown">
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<title>chown</title>
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<para>
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Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE...
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</para>
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<para>
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Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
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</para>
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<para>
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Options:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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-R Change files and directories recursively
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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Example:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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$ chown root /tmp/foo
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$ ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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$ chown root.root /tmp/foo
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ls -l /tmp/foo
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-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="chroot">
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<title>chroot</title>
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<para>
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Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
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</para>
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<para>
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Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.
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</para>
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<para>
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Example:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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$ ls -l /bin/ls
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lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
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$ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
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$ chroot /mnt
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$ ls -l /bin/ls
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls*
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="chvt">
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<title>chvt</title>
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<para>
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Usage: chvt N
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</para>
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<para>
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Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="clear">
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<title>clear</title>
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<para>
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Usage: clear
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</para>
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<para>
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Clear the screen.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="cp">
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<title>cp</title>
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<para>
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Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
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</screen>
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</para>
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<para>
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Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to
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DIRECTORY.
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</para>
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<para>
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Options:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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-a Same as -dpR
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-d Preserve links
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-p Preserve file attributes if possible
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-R Copy directories recursively
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="cut">
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<title>cut</title>
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|
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<para>
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Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
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</para>
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<para>
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Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
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</para>
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<para>
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Options:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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-b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
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-c LIST Output only characters from LIST
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-d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
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-s Only output Lines if the include DELIM
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-f N Print only these fields
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-n Ignored
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</screen>
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</para>
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|
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<para>
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Example:
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</para>
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<para>
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<screen>
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$ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
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Hello
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$ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
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world
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</screen>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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|
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<sect1 id="date">
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<title>date</title>
|
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|
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<para>
|
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Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
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</para>
|
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|
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<para>
|
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<screen>
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or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
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</screen>
|
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</para>
|
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|
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<para>
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Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
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</para>
|
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|
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<para>
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Options:
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</para>
|
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|
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<para>
|
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<screen>
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-R Output RFC-822 compliant date string
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-s Set time described by STRING
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-u Print or set Coordinated Universal Time
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</screen>
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</para>
|
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|
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<para>
|
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Example:
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</para>
|
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|
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<para>
|
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<screen>
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$ date
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Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
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</screen>
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</para>
|
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</sect1>
|
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|
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<sect1 id="dc">
|
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<title>dc</title>
|
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|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: dc [EXPRESSION]
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the
|
|
following operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If
|
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no arguments are given, dc will process input from
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stdin.
|
|
</para>
|
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|
|
<para>
|
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The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-)
|
|
from GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
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|
$ dc 2 2 +
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4
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$ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
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16
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$ dc 0 1 and
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0
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$ dc 0 1 or
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1
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$ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
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64
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</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
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|
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<sect1 id="dd">
|
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<title>dd</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: dd [OPTION]...
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</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Copy a file, converting and formatting according to
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options.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
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|
</para>
|
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|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
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of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
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|
bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time
|
|
count=N Copy only N input blocks
|
|
skip=N Skip N input blocks
|
|
seek=N Skip N output blocks
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512),
|
|
or M (x1024^2).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
|
|
4+0 records in
|
|
4+0 records out
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="deallocvt">
|
|
<title>deallocvt</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: deallocvt N
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="df">
|
|
<title>df</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: df [FILE]...
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print the filesystem space used and space available.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ df
|
|
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
|
|
/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
|
|
/dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot
|
|
$ df /dev/sda3
|
|
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
|
|
/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="dirname">
|
|
<title>dirname</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: dirname NAME
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Strip non-directory suffix from NAME.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ dirname /tmp/foo
|
|
/tmp
|
|
$ dirname /tmp/foo/
|
|
/tmp
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="dmesg">
|
|
<title>dmesg</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: dmesg [OPTION]...
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-c Clear the ring buffer after printing
|
|
-n LEVEL Set the console logging level to LEVEL
|
|
-s BUFSIZE Query ring buffer using a buffer of BUFSIZE
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="du">
|
|
<title>du</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Summarize the disk space used for each FILE or current
|
|
directory. Disk space printed in units of 1k (i.e.
|
|
1024 bytes).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-l Count sizes many times if hard linked
|
|
-s Display only a total for each argument
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ du
|
|
16 ./CVS
|
|
12 ./kernel-patches/CVS
|
|
80 ./kernel-patches
|
|
12 ./tests/CVS
|
|
36 ./tests
|
|
12 ./scripts/CVS
|
|
16 ./scripts
|
|
12 ./docs/CVS
|
|
104 ./docs
|
|
2417 .
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="dutmp">
|
|
<title>dutmp</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: dutmp [FILE]
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or
|
|
stdin to stdout.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ dutmp /var/run/utmp
|
|
8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
|
|
2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
|
|
1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
|
|
8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
|
|
6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
|
|
6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
|
|
7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="echo">
|
|
<title>echo</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: echo [OPTION]... [ARG]...
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print ARGs to stdout.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-n Suppress trailing newline
|
|
-e Enable interpretation of escaped characters
|
|
-E Disable interpretation of escaped characters
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ echo "Erik is cool"
|
|
Erik is cool
|
|
$ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
|
|
Erik
|
|
is
|
|
cool
|
|
$ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
|
|
Erik\nis\ncool
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="false">
|
|
<title>false</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: false
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Returns an exit code of FALSE (1).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ false
|
|
$ echo $?
|
|
1
|
|
</screen>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<!-- This is where I have stopped formatting stuff -->
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>fbset
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: fbset [options] [mode]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Show and modify frame buffer device settings
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-h
|
|
-fb
|
|
-db
|
|
-a
|
|
-i
|
|
-g
|
|
-t
|
|
-accel
|
|
-hsync
|
|
-vsync
|
|
-laced
|
|
-double
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ fbset
|
|
mode "1024x768-76"
|
|
# D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
|
|
geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
|
|
timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
|
|
accel false
|
|
rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
|
|
endmode
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>fdflush
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: fdflush device
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>find
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current
|
|
directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
EXPRESSION may consist of:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-follow Dereference symbolic links.
|
|
-name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
|
|
-print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ find / -name /etc/passwd
|
|
/etc/passwd
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>free
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: free
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ free
|
|
total used free shared buffers
|
|
Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
|
|
Swap: 128516 8404 120112
|
|
Total: 386144 257128 129016
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>freeramdisk
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>fsck.minix
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: fsck.minix [<emphasis>-larvsmf</emphasis>] /dev/name
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
OPTIONS:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-l Lists all filenames
|
|
-r Perform interactive repairs
|
|
-a Perform automatic repairs
|
|
-v verbose
|
|
-s Outputs super-block information
|
|
-m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
|
|
-f Force file system check.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>grep
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
OPTIONS:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-h suppress the prefixing filename on output
|
|
-i ignore case distinctions
|
|
-n print line number with output lines
|
|
-q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
|
|
-v select non-matching lines
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This version of grep matches full regular expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ grep root /etc/passwd
|
|
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
|
$ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
|
|
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>gunzip
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-c Write output to standard output
|
|
-t Test compressed file integrity
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
|
|
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
|
|
$ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
|
|
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
|
|
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>gzip
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard
|
|
input. Implies <emphasis>-c</emphasis>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
|
|
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
|
|
$ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
|
|
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
|
|
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>halt
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: halt
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This command halts the system.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>head
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
|
|
FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
|
|
when FILE is -, read standard input.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
|
|
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
|
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>hostid
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: hostid
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit
|
|
identifier is intended to be unique among all UNIX systems in existence.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>hostname
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | <emphasis>-F</emphasis> file}
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a
|
|
file with the <emphasis>-F</emphasis> parameter), the host name will be set.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-s Short
|
|
-i Addresses for the hostname
|
|
-d DNS domain name
|
|
-F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ hostname
|
|
slag
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>id
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print information for USERNAME or the current user
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-g prints only the group ID
|
|
-u prints only the user ID
|
|
-r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ id
|
|
uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>init
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: init
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Init is the parent of all processes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the
|
|
/etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
|
|
runlevels, use sysvinit.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it
|
|
has the following default behavior:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
|
|
::askfirst:/bin/sh
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also
|
|
run:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as
|
|
follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<id>:
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
|
|
The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
|
|
the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
|
|
appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
|
|
be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
|
|
field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if
|
|
BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries
|
|
containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does
|
|
nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<runlevels>:
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
The runlevels field is completely ignored.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<action>:
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
|
|
once, and ctrlaltdel.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified
|
|
process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this
|
|
console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting
|
|
the specified process.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit
|
|
an error message, and then go along with its business.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
<process>:
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example /etc/inittab file:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
|
|
#
|
|
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
|
|
#
|
|
# Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
|
|
::askfirst:/bin/sh
|
|
# Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
|
|
tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
|
|
#
|
|
tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
|
|
tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
|
|
#
|
|
#ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
|
|
#ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
|
|
#
|
|
# Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
|
|
#ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# Stuff to do before rebooting
|
|
::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1
|
|
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>insmod
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
|
|
-k Make module autoclean-able.
|
|
-v verbose output
|
|
-x do not export externs
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>kill
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: kill [<emphasis>-signal</emphasis>] process-id [process-id ...]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
|
|
<literal>process(es).</literal>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-l List all signal names and numbers.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ ps | grep apache
|
|
252 root root S [apache]
|
|
263 www-data www-data S [apache]
|
|
264 www-data www-data S [apache]
|
|
265 www-data www-data S [apache]
|
|
266 www-data www-data S [apache]
|
|
267 www-data www-data S [apache]
|
|
$ kill 252
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>killall
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: killall [<emphasis>-signal</emphasis>] process-name [process-name ...]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
|
|
<literal>process(es).</literal>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-l List all signal names and numbers.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ killall apache
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>length
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: length STRING
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Prints out the length of the specified STRING.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ length "Hello"
|
|
5
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>ln
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET You may
|
|
use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-s make symbolic links instead of hard links
|
|
-f remove existing destination files
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
|
|
$ ls -l /tmp/ls
|
|
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadacm
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: loadacm
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Loads an acm from standard input.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadfont
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: loadfont
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Loads a console font from standard input.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>loadkmap
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: loadkmap
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>logger
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-s Log to stderr as well as the system log.
|
|
-t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
|
|
-p Enter the message with the specified priority.
|
|
This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ logger "hello"
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>logname
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: logname
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print the name of the current user.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ logname
|
|
root
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>ls
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: ls [<emphasis>-1acdelnpuxACFR</emphasis>] [filenames...]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-a do not hide entries starting with .
|
|
-c with -l: show ctime (the time of last
|
|
modification of file status information)
|
|
-d list directory entries instead of contents
|
|
-e list both full date and full time
|
|
-l use a long listing format
|
|
-n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
|
|
-p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
|
|
-u with -l: show access time (the time of last
|
|
access of the file)
|
|
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
|
|
-A do not list implied . and ..
|
|
-C list entries by columns
|
|
-F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
|
|
-R list subdirectories recursively
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>lsmod
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: lsmod
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>makedevs
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Creates a range of block or character special files
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
TYPEs include:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
b: Make a block (buffered) device.
|
|
c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
|
|
p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device.
|
|
LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's'
|
|
is the last argument, the base device is created as well.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
|
|
[creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
|
|
$ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
|
|
[creates hda,hda1-hda8]
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>md5sum
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: md5sum [OPTION] [file ...]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print or check MD5 checksums.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-b read files in binary mode
|
|
-c check MD5 sums against given list
|
|
-t read files in text mode (default)
|
|
-g read a string
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-s don't output anything, status code shows success
|
|
-w warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ md5sum busybox
|
|
6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
|
|
$ md5sum -c -
|
|
6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003 busybox
|
|
busybox: OK
|
|
^D
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkdir
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Create the <literal>DIRECTORY(ies),</literal> if they do not already exist
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
|
|
-p no error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ mkdir /tmp/foo
|
|
$ mkdir /tmp/foo
|
|
/tmp/foo: File exists
|
|
$ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
|
|
/tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
|
|
$ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkfifo
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkfs.minix
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: mkfs.minix [<emphasis>-c</emphasis> | <emphasis>-l</emphasis> filename] [<emphasis>-nXX</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-iXX</emphasis>] /dev/name [blocks]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Make a MINIX filesystem.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
OPTIONS:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-c Check the device for bad blocks
|
|
-n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames
|
|
-i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
|
|
-l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
|
|
-v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mknod
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character
|
|
(un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for
|
|
named pipes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
|
|
$ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mkswap
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: mkswap [<emphasis>-c</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-v0</emphasis>|<emphasis>-v1</emphasis>] device [block-count]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-c Check for read-ability.
|
|
-v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
|
|
-v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117).
|
|
block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mktemp
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: mktemp [<emphasis>-q</emphasis>] TEMPLATE
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any
|
|
name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
|
|
/tmp/temp.mWiLjM
|
|
$ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
|
|
-rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>more
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: more [file ...]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ dmesg | more
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mount
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [<emphasis>-o</emphasis> options,more-options]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Flags:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-a: Mount all file systems in fstab.
|
|
-o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below.
|
|
-r: Mount the filesystem read-only.
|
|
-t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type.
|
|
-w: Mount for reading and writing (default).
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options for use with the ``<emphasis>-o</emphasis>'' flag:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
|
|
atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
|
|
dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
|
|
exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
|
|
loop: Mounts a file via loop device.
|
|
suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
|
|
remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
|
|
ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write.
|
|
There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
|
|
You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ mount
|
|
/dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
|
|
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
|
|
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
|
|
$ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
|
|
$ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mt
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: mt [<emphasis>-f</emphasis> device] opcode value
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Control magnetic tape drive operation
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>mv
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move <literal>SOURCE(s)</literal> to DIRECTORY.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>nc
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: nc [IP] [port]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
|
|
220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
|
|
help
|
|
214-Commands supported:
|
|
214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
|
|
214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
|
|
quit
|
|
221 foobar closing connection
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>nslookup
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: nslookup [HOST]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ nslookup localhost
|
|
Server: default
|
|
Address: default
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
Name: debian
|
|
Address: 127.0.0.1
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>ping
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: ping [OPTION]... host
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
|
|
-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56).
|
|
-q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
|
|
and when finished.
|
|
Example:
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ ping localhost
|
|
PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
|
|
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
--- debian ping statistics ---
|
|
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
|
|
round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>poweroff
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon
|
|
halting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>printf
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: printf format [argument...]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf
|
|
command.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
|
|
Val=5
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>ps
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: ps
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Report process status
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This version of ps accepts no options.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ ps
|
|
PID Uid Gid State Command
|
|
1 root root S init
|
|
2 root root S [kflushd]
|
|
3 root root S [kupdate]
|
|
4 root root S [kpiod]
|
|
5 root root S [kswapd]
|
|
742 andersen andersen S [bash]
|
|
743 andersen andersen S -bash
|
|
745 root root S [getty]
|
|
2990 andersen andersen R ps
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>pwd
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Prints the full filename of the current working directory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ pwd
|
|
/root
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>reboot
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Instructs the kernel to reboot the system.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>rm
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Remove (unlink) the <literal>FILE(s).</literal> You may use '--' to
|
|
indicate that all following arguments are non-options.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-f remove existing destinations, never prompt
|
|
-r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ rm -rf /tmp/foo
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>rmdir
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Remove the <literal>DIRECTORY(ies),</literal> if they are empty.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# rmdir /tmp/foo
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>rmmod
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-a Try to remove all unused kernel modules.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ rmmod tulip
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sed
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: sed [<emphasis>-n</emphasis>] <emphasis>-e</emphasis> script [file...]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
'ADDR [!] COMMAND'
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
where address ADDR can be:
|
|
NUMBER Match specified line number
|
|
$ Match last line
|
|
/REGEXP/ Match specified regexp
|
|
(! inverts the meaning of the match)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
and COMMAND can be:
|
|
s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
|
|
which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
|
|
and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
aTEXT
|
|
which appends TEXT after the pattern space
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-e add the script to the commands to be executed
|
|
-n suppress automatic printing of pattern space
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This version of sed matches full regular expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
|
|
bar
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>setkeycodes
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual
|
|
keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in
|
|
decimal
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
# setkeycodes e030 127
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sfdisk
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: sfdisk [options] device ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
useful options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition
|
|
-c [or --id]: print or change partition Id
|
|
-l [or --list]: list partitions of each device
|
|
-d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input
|
|
-i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
|
|
-uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB
|
|
-T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types
|
|
-D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space
|
|
-R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table
|
|
-N# : change only the partition with number #
|
|
-n : do not actually write to disk
|
|
-O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file
|
|
-I file : restore these sectors again
|
|
-v [or --version]: print version
|
|
-? [or --help]: print this message
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
dangerous options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry
|
|
-x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
or expect descriptors for them on input
|
|
-L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux
|
|
-q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages
|
|
You can override the detected geometry using:
|
|
-C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use
|
|
-H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use
|
|
-S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
You can disable all consistency checking with:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sh
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: sh
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This command does not yet have proper documentation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
|
|
redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh),
|
|
and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not
|
|
(yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like
|
|
``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a
|
|
very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sleep
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: sleep N
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Pause for N seconds.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ sleep 2
|
|
[2 second delay results]
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sort
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: sort [<emphasis>-n</emphasis>] [<emphasis>-r</emphasis>] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Sorts lines of text in the specified files
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
|
|
a
|
|
b
|
|
c
|
|
d
|
|
e
|
|
f
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>swapoff
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-a Stop swapping on all swap devices
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>swapon
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-a Start swapping on all swap devices
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>sync
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: sync
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>syslogd
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this
|
|
version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-m NUM Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
|
|
-n Run as a foreground process
|
|
-K Do not start up the klogd process
|
|
-O FILE Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>tail
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
|
|
FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
|
|
when FILE is -, read standard input.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10
|
|
-f Output data as the file grows. This version
|
|
of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
|
|
nameserver 10.0.0.1
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>tar
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [<emphasis>--exclude</emphasis> File] [<emphasis>-f</emphasis> tarFile] [FILE] ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that this version of
|
|
tar treats hard links as separate files.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Main operation mode:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
c create
|
|
x extract
|
|
t list
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
File selection:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin
|
|
O extract to stdout
|
|
--exclude file to exclude
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Informative output:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
v verbosely list files processed
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
|
|
$ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>tee
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
|
|
$ cat /tmp/foo
|
|
Hello
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>telnet
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: telnet host [port]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with another computer
|
|
over a network using the TELNET protocol.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>test, [
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by
|
|
the value of EXPRESSION.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ test 1 -eq 2
|
|
$ echo $?
|
|
1
|
|
$ test 1 -eq 1
|
|
$ echo $?
|
|
0
|
|
$ [ -d /etc ]
|
|
$ echo $?
|
|
0
|
|
$ [ -d /junk ]
|
|
$ echo $?
|
|
1
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>touch
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: touch [<emphasis>-c</emphasis>] file [file ...]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s].
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
|
|
/bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
|
|
$ touch /tmp/foo
|
|
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
|
|
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>tr
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing
|
|
to standard output.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-c take complement of STRING1
|
|
-d delete input characters coded STRING1
|
|
-s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
|
|
hello world
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>true
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Returns an exit code of TRUE (0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ true
|
|
$ echo $?
|
|
0
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>tty
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: tty
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-s print nothing, only return an exit status
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ tty
|
|
/dev/tty2
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>umount
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Flags:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-a: Unmount all file systems
|
|
-r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
|
|
-f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
|
|
-l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ umount /dev/hdc1
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>uname
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: uname [OPTION]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as <emphasis>-s</emphasis>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-a print all information
|
|
-m the machine (hardware) type
|
|
-n print the machine's network node hostname
|
|
-r print the operating system release
|
|
-s print the operating system name
|
|
-p print the host processor type
|
|
-v print the operating system version
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ uname -a
|
|
Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>uniq
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard
|
|
input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
|
|
a
|
|
b
|
|
c
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>update
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: update [options]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Periodically flushes filesystem buffers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
|
|
-s SECS call sync this often (default 30)
|
|
-f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5)
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>uptime
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: uptime
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Tells how long the system has been running since boot.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ uptime
|
|
1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>usleep
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: usleep N
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Pauses for N microseconds.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ usleep 1000000
|
|
[pauses for 1 second]
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>uudecode
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Uudecode a uuencoded file
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-o FILE direct output to FILE
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
|
|
$ ls -l busybox
|
|
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ams ams 245264 Jun 7 21:35 busybox
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>uuencode
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] REMOTEFILE
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Uuencode a file.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-m use base64 encoding as of RFC1521
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ uuencode busybox busybox
|
|
begin 755 busybox
|
|
M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&
|
|
.....
|
|
$ uudecode busybox busybox > busybox.uu
|
|
$
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>wc
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more
|
|
than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
-c print the byte counts
|
|
-l print the newline counts
|
|
-L print the length of the longest line
|
|
-w print the word counts
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ wc /etc/passwd
|
|
31 46 1365 /etc/passwd
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>which
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: which [COMMAND ...]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Locates a COMMAND.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ which login
|
|
/bin/login
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>whoami
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: whoami
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<screen>
|
|
$ whoami
|
|
andersen
|
|
</screen>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>yes
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified <literal>STRING(s),</literal>
|
|
or `y'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry>
|
|
<varlistentry><term><emphasis>zcat
|
|
|
|
</emphasis></term>
|
|
<listitem><para></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This is essentially an alias for invoking ``gunzip <emphasis>-c</emphasis>'', where it decompresses the file in question and send the output to
|
|
stdout.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-6"><title>LIBC NSS
|
|
|
|
</title>
|
|
<!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
|
|
<para>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of
|
|
the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
|
|
system data, such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it
|
|
Policy that it will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that
|
|
make use of NSS. This allows you to run an embedded system without the need
|
|
for installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_*
|
|
libraries installed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
|
|
authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will
|
|
need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have
|
|
enough space to install of that stuff on your system, then you probably
|
|
want the full GNU utilities.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-7"><title>SEE ALSO
|
|
|
|
</title>
|
|
<!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
|
|
<para>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<literal>textutils(1),</literal> <literal>shellutils(1),</literal> etc...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-8"><title>MAINTAINER
|
|
|
|
</title>
|
|
<!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
|
|
<para>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org> <andersen@lineo.com>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="pod2docbook-ch-1-sect-9"><title>AUTHORS
|
|
|
|
</title>
|
|
<!-- Bogus hack to ensure that each sect has a paragraph in it -->
|
|
<para>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it
|
|
or not.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
John Beppu <beppu@lineo.com>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Glenn McGrath <bug1@netconnect.com.au>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Bruce Perens <bruce@perens.com>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</book> <!-- End of the book -->
|