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.\" Man page for ps.
.\" Quick hack conversion by Albert Cahalan, 1998.
.\" Licensed under version 2 of the Gnu General Public License.
.\"
.\" This man page is a horrid hack because *roff sucks.
.\" The whole system is way obsolete. The internal header
.\" stuff must die, and will when I figure out how to kill it.
.\" I've already killed the wasteful left margin and screwy
.\" old perfect justification. Gross! You'd think someone
.\" invented this crap in 1973. Oh yeah, they did. Sorry.
.\"
.TH PS 1 "July 5, 1998" "Linux" "Linux User's Manual"
.SH \fRNAME\fR
ps \- report process status
.ad r
.na
.ss 12 0
.in 0
.nh
.nf
SYNOPSIS
ps [options]
DESCRIPTION
ps gives a snapshot of the current processes. If you want
a repetitive update of this status, use top. This man
page documents the /proc-based version of ps, or tries to.
COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
This version of ps accepts several kinds of options.
Unix options may be grouped and must be preceeded by a dash.
BSD options may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.
Gnu long options are preceeded by two dashes.
Options of different types may be freely mixed.
Set the I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS environment variable to force BSD syntax even
when options are preceeded by a dash. The PS_PERSONALITY environment
variable (described below) provides more detailed control of ps behavior.
SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION
-A select all processes
-N negate selection
-a select all with a tty except session leaders
-d select all, but omit session leaders
-e select all processes
T select all processes on this terminal
a select all processes on a terminal, including those of other users
g really all, even group leaders (does nothing w/o SunOS settings)
r restrict output to running processes
x select processes without controlling ttys
--deselect negate selection
PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST
-C select by command name
-G select by RGID (supports names)
-U select by RUID (supports names)
-g select by session leader OR by group name
-p select by PID
-s select processes belonging to the sessions given
-t select by tty
-u select by effective user ID (supports names)
U select processes for specified users
p select by process ID
t select by tty
--Group select by real group name or ID
--User select by real user name or ID
--group select by effective group name or ID
--pid select by process ID
--sid select by session ID
--tty select by terminal
--user select by effective user name or ID
-123 implied --sid
123 implied --pid
OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL
-O is preloaded "-o"
-c different scheduler info for -l option
-f does full listing
-j jobs format
-l long format
-o user-defined format
-y do not show flags; show rss in place of addr
O is preloaded "o" (overloaded)
X old Linux i386 register format
j job control format
l display long format
o specify user-defined format
s display signal format
u display user-oriented format
v display virtual memory format
--format user-defined format
OUTPUT MODIFIERS
-H show process hierarchy (forest)
-m show threads
-n set namelist file
-w wide output
C use raw CPU time for %CPU instead of decaying average
N specify namelist file
O sorting order (overloaded)
S include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent)
c true command name
e show environment after the command
f ASCII-art process hierarchy (forest)
h no header (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality)
m all threads
n numeric output for WCHAN and USER
w wide output
--cols set screen width
--columns set screen width
--cumulative include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent)
--forest ASCII art process tree
--headers repeat header lines, one per page of output
--no-headers print no header line at all
--lines set screen height
--rows set screen height
--sort specify sorting order
--width set screen width
INFORMATION
-V print version
L list all format specifiers
V show version info
--help print help message
--info print debugging info
--version print version
OBSOLETE
A increases the argument space (DecUnix)
M use alternate core (try -n or N instead)
W get swap info from ... not /dev/drum (try -n or N instead)
k use /vmcore as c-dumpfile (try -n or N instead)
NOTES
The "-g" option can select by session leader OR by group name.
Selection by session leader is specified by many standards,
but selection by group is the logical behavior that several other
operating systems use. This ps will select by session leader when
the list is completely numeric (as sessions are). Group ID numbers
will work only when some group names are also specified.
The "m" option should not be used. Use "-m" or "-o" with a list.
("m" displays memory info, shows threads, or sorts by memory use)
The "h" option is problematic. Standard BSD ps uses the option to
print a header on each page of output, but older Linux ps uses the option
to totally disable the header. This version of ps follows the Linux
usage of not printing the header unless the BSD personality has been
selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of output.
Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options
--headers and --no-headers to enable printing headers each page and
disable headers entirely, respectively.
Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several
forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1. Obsolete "ps t" (your own terminal) and
"ps t?" (processes without a terminal) syntax is supported, but modern
options ("T", "-t" with list, "x", "t" with list) should be used instead.
The BSD "O" option can act like "-O" (user-defined output format with
some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order.
Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure
that the desired behavior is obtained, specify the other option (sorting
or formatting) in some other way.
For sorting, BSD "O" option syntax is O[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]]
Order the process listing according to the multilevel sort specified by
the sequence of short keys from SORT KEYS, k1, k2, ... The `+' is quite
optional, merely re-iterating the default direction on a key. `-' reverses
direction only on the key it precedes. The O option must be the last option
in a single command argument, but specifications in successive arguments are
catenated.
Gnu sorting syntax is --sortX[+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]
Choose a multi-letter key from the SORT KEYS section. X may be any
convenient separator character. To be GNU-ish use `='. The `+' is really
optional since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic
order. For example, ps jax --sort=uid,-ppid,+pid
This ps works by reading the virtual files in /proc. This ps does not
need to be suid kmem or have any privileges to run. Do not give this ps
any special permissions.
This ps needs access to a namelist file for proper WCHAN display.
The namelist file must match the current Linux kernel exactly for
correct output.
To produce the WCHAN field, ps needs to read the System.map file created
when the kernel is compiled. The search path is:
$PS_SYSTEM_MAP
/boot/System.map-`uname -r`
/boot/System.map
/lib/modules/`uname -r`/System.map
/usr/src/linux/System.map
The member used_math of task_struct is not shown, since crt0.s checks
to see if math is present. This causes the math flag to be set for all
processes, and so it is worthless. (Somebody fix libc or the kernel please)
Programs swapped out to disk will be shown without command line arguments,
and unless the c option is given, in brackets.
%CPU shows the cputime/realtime percentage. It will not add up to 100%
unless you are lucky. It is time used divided by the time the process has
been running.
The SIZE and RSS fields don't count the page tables and the task_struct of a
proc; this is at least 12k of memory that is always resident. SIZE is the
virtual size of the proc (code+data+stack).
Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so-called "zombies") that
remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly. These processes
will be destroyed by init(8) if the parent process exits.
PROCESS FLAGS
ALIGNWARN 001 print alignment warning msgs
STARTING 002 being created
EXITING 004 getting shut down
PTRACED 010 set if ptrace (0) has been called
TRACESYS 020 tracing system calls
FORKNOEXEC 040 forked but didn't exec
SUPERPRIV 100 used super-user privileges
DUMPCORE 200 dumped core
SIGNALED 400 killed by a signal
PROCESS STATE CODES
D uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
R runnable (on run queue)
S sleeping
T traced or stopped
Z a defunct ("zombie") process
For BSD formats and when the "stat" keyword is used, additional
letters may be displayed:
W has no resident pages
< high-priority process
N low-priority task
L has pages locked into memory (for real-time and custom IO)
SORT KEYS
Note that the values used in sorting are the internal values ps uses and not
the `cooked' values used in some of the output format fields. Pipe ps
output into the sort(1) command if you want to sort the cooked values.
KEY LONG DESCRIPTION
c cmd simple name of executable
C cmdline full command line
f flags flags as in long format F field
g pgrp process group ID
G tpgid controlling tty process group ID
j cutime cumulative user time
J cstime cumulative system time
k utime user time
K stime system time
m min_flt number of minor page faults
M maj_flt number of major page faults
n cmin_flt cumulative minor page faults
N cmaj_flt cumulative major page faults
o session session ID
p pid process ID
P ppid parent process ID
r rss resident set size
R resident resident pages
s size memory size in kilobytes
S share amount of shared pages
t tty the minor device number of tty
T start_time time process was started
U uid user ID number
u user user name
v vsize total VM size in kB
y priority kernel scheduling priority
AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS
This ps supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the
formatting codes of printf(1) and printf(3). For example, the normal
default output can be produced with this: ps -eo "%p %y %x %c"
CODE NORMAL HEADER
%C pcpu %CPU
%G group GROUP
%P ppid PPID
%U user USER
%a args COMMAND
%c comm COMMAND
%g rgroup RGROUP
%n nice NI
%p pid PID
%r pgid PGID
%t etime ELAPSED
%u ruser RUSER
%x time TIME
%y tty TTY
%z vsz VSZ
STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
These may be used to control both output format and sorting.
For example: ps -eo pid,user,args --sort user
CODE HEADER
%cpu %CPU
%mem %MEM
alarm ALARM
args COMMAND
blocked BLOCKED
bsdstart START
bsdtime TIME
c C
caught CAUGHT
cmd CMD
comm COMMAND
command COMMAND
cputime TIME
drs DRS
dsiz DSIZ
egid EGID
egroup EGROUP
eip EIP
esp ESP
etime ELAPSED
euid EUID
euser EUSER
f F
fgid FGID
fgroup FGROUP
flag F
flags F
fname COMMAND
fsgid FSGID
fsgroup FSGROUP
fsuid FSUID
fsuser FSUSER
fuid FUID
fuser FUSER
gid GID
group GROUP
ignored IGNORED
intpri PRI
lim LIM
longtname TTY
lstart STARTED
m_drs DRS
m_trs TRS
maj_flt MAJFL
majflt MAJFLT
min_flt MINFL
minflt MINFLT
ni NI
nice NI
nwchan WCHAN
opri PRI
pagein PAGEIN
pcpu %CPU
pending PENDING
pgid PGID
pgrp PGRP
pid PID
pmem %MEM
ppid PPID
pri PRI
priority PRI
rgid RGID
rgroup RGROUP
rss RSS
rssize RSS
rsz RSZ
ruid RUID
ruser RUSER
s S
sess SESS
session SESS
sgi_p P
sgi_rss RSS
sgid SGID
sgroup SGROUP
sid SID
sig PENDING
sig_block BLOCKED
sig_catch CATCHED
sig_ignore IGNORED
sig_pend SIGNAL
sigcatch CAUGHT
sigignore IGNORED
sigmask BLOCKED
stackp STACKP
start STARTED
start_stack STACKP
start_time START
stat STAT
state S
stime STIME
suid SUID
suser SUSER
svgid SVGID
svgroup SVGROUP
svuid SVUID
svuser SVUSER
sz SZ
time TIME
timeout TMOUT
tmout TMOUT
tname TTY
tpgid TPGID
trs TRS
trss TRSS
tsiz TSIZ
tt TT
tty TT
tty4 TTY
tty8 TTY
ucmd CMD
ucomm COMMAND
uid UID
uid_hack UID
uname USER
user USER
vsize VSZ
vsz VSZ
wchan WCHAN
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables could affect ps:
COLUMNS Override default display width.
LINES Override default display height.
PS_PERSONALITY Set to one of posix,old,linux,bsd,sun,digital...
CMD_ENV Set to one of posix,old,linux,bsd,sun,digital...
I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS Force obsolete command line interpretation.
LC_TIME Date format.
PS_COLORS Not currently supported.
PS_FORMAT Default output format override.
PS_SYSMAP Default namelist (System.map) location.
PS_SYSTEM_MAP Default namelist (System.map) location.
POSIXLY_CORRECT Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".
UNIX95 Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".
_XPG Cancel CMD_ENV=irix non-standard behavior.
In general, it is a bad idea to set these variables. The one exception
is CMD_ENV or PS_PERSONALITY, which could be set to Linux for normal
systems. Without that setting, ps follows the useless and bad parts
of the Unix98 standard.
PERSONALITY
390 like the S/390 OpenEdition ps
aix like AIX ps
bsd like FreeBSD ps (totally non-standard)
compaq like Digital Unix ps
debian like the old Debian ps
digital like Digital Unix ps
gnu like the old Debian ps
hp like HP-UX ps
hpux like HP-UX ps
irix like Irix ps
linux ***** RECOMMENDED *****
old like the original Linux ps (totally non-standard)
posix standard
sco like SCO ps
sgi like Irix ps
sun like SunOS 4 ps (totally non-standard)
sunos like SunOS 4 ps (totally non-standard)
sysv standard
unix standard
unix95 standard
unix98 standard
EXAMPLES
To see every process on the system using standard syntax:
ps -e
To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:
ps ax
To see every process except those running as root (real & effective ID)
ps -U root -u root -N
To see every process with a user-defined format:
ps -eo pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
Odd display with AIX field descriptors:
ps -o "%u : %U : %p : %a"
Print only the process IDs of syslogd:
ps -C syslogd -o pid=
SEE ALSO
top(1) pstree(1) proc(5)
STANDARDS
This ps conforms to version 2 of the Single Unix Specification.
AUTHOR
ps was originally written by Branko Lankester <lankeste@fwi.uva.nl>. Michael
K. Johnson <johnsonm@redhat.com> re-wrote it significantly to use the proc
filesystem, changing a few things in the process. Michael Shields
<mjshield@nyx.cs.du.edu> added the pid-list feature. Charles Blake
<cblake@bbn.com> added multi-level sorting, the dirent-style library, the
device name-to-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search
directly on System.map, and many code and documentation cleanups. David
Mossberger-Tang wrote the generic BFD support for psupdate. Albert Cahalan
<acahalan@cs.uml.edu> rewrote ps for full Unix98 and BSD support, along with
some ugly hacks for obsolete and foreign syntax.
Please send bug reports to <acahalan@cs.uml.edu>