541 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
541 lines
28 KiB
Plaintext
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Ok, ok, I yield -- most of what follows has been removed from the manual page
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and packaged separately as this README (hey, it was only TEMPORARY insanity).
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Of course, that means that now absolutely nobody will ever read it.
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This is probably a good thing...
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## Table of Contents ---------------------------------------------------##
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# the only darn thing that wasn't in the man page
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CUSTOMIZING the Sources
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# the following carry their original topic numbers
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DIFFERENCES / New Features
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Interface Etiquette
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Expanded Configurable Display Support
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Enhanced Field/Column Management
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Customization Flexibility
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NOTES and Rantings
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The top Binary
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Comparing Performance
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Cost of Stuff
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The top Sources
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EXAMPLES of Windows
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The 'A' Mode Command Toggle
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STACKIN' & WHACKIN' Windows
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ALL TOGETHER Now, Window(s)
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## CUSTOMIZING the Sources ---------------------------------------------##
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Listed below are the conditionals available should you wish to recompile
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this top. The author's favorite is: PRETEND4CPUS.
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That's the #define allowing you to simulate an SMP environment, and
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(perhaps) impress your friends. It's currently set to display four
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separate CPUs, but could easily be changed.
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Caution: do NOT use this provision in an effort to impress someone
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who truly possesses such a machine! The fact that all 4
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CPUs show the same dynamic results will likely have the
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opposite effect.
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//#define ATEOJ_REPORT /* report a bunch of stuff, at end-of-job */
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//#define CASEUP_HEXES /* show any hex values in upper case */
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//#define CASEUP_SCALE /* show scaled time/num suffix upper case */
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//#define CASEUP_SUMMK /* show memory summary kilobytes with 'K' */
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//#define POSIX_CMDLIN /* use '[ ]' for kernel threads, not '( )' */
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//#define PRETEND2_5_X /* pretend we're linux 2.5.x (for IO-wait) */
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//#define PRETEND4CPUS /* pretend we're smp with 4 ticsers (sic) */
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//#define PRETENDNOCAP /* use a terminal without essential caps */
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//#define SORT_SUPRESS /* *attempt* to reduce qsort overhead */
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//#define USE_LIB_STA3 /* use lib status (3 ch) vs. proc_t (1 ch) */
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//#define WARN_NOT_SMP /* restrict '1' & 'I' commands to true smp */
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## 6. DIFFERENCES / New Features ---------------------------------------##
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The following summarizes differences between this top and your
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former top. It was originally based on procps-2.0.7. However,
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except for the separate/summary CPU toggle, all of these differ-
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ences also apply through procps-2.0.10.
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6a. Interface Etiquette
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-*- Input and output are far more carefully implemented in
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this top. You won't be subjected to 4 - 5 'Unknown command'
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messages should you press the wrong key.
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-*- You need suffer a confirmation message only when the results
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of a command are not obvious by their effects on the display.
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-*- The Help screen will no longer overflow, even when running
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with a 24 row xterm (vt100).
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-*- The fields selection/ordering screens do not carelessly
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destroy important information through unintended line wraps.
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-*- Should you narrow a xterm window to less than 80 columns
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while this top is running, you will not be left with an
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utterly worthless, embarrassing display.
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6b. Expanded Configurable Display Support
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-*- In an SMP environment, you can choose between a summary dis-
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play or you may show each cpu separately. No longer must
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this choice be irrevocably made at startup.
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-*- There are new fields and with this top, any field is
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selectable for sorting. Plus, your sorted column can be
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instantly reversed with just a single keystroke.
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-*- You may optionally apply 2 distinct types of highlighting to
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running tasks and/or sorted columns. With this top, you'll
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be able to instantly spot running tasks and always know the
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current sort field.
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-*- While you could continue to use the more familiar (and
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boring) monochrome display, you might want to try this top's
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new color display. You can even create your own unique col-
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ors used in summaries, messages, headings and tasks, each of
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which can be made persistent until you choose to change them.
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-*- Up to four separate windows can be displayed simultaneously,
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giving you four separate ways to sort and view the tasks cur-
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rently cluttering up your system. You could have one view by
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pids, another by cpu usage, yet another showing memory con-
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sumption. You get the idea...
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-*- Each window comes with pre-configured (but user configurable)
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fields and you can size each window individually.
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-*- Virtually every one of this top's options (summaries, fields,
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colors, sorted column, etc.) is separately configurable for
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each of those four windows.
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Heck, you can even change a window's name, if you don't care
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for top's choices. Your changes will be reflected not only
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when you're in what top calls alternate-display mode but also
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on his special new 'Windows' help screen.
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-*- And, [ ** Drum-Roll + Ta-Da ** ] with just one keystroke you
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can quickly switch between full-screen and multiple window
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modes! Or, with a different keystroke, toggle a single win-
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dow Off for now, then On again later!!
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6c. Enhanced Field/Column Management
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-*- Many Field/Column names have been changed to make them more
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intuitive, more self-descriptive. And with this top you
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won't be fooled with field choices that are "not yet imple-
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mented".
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-*- Task memory statistics are more meaningful and more accurate.
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-*- You'll finally have complete display integrity regardless of
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field selections, their order or screen width. And that
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means the command column no longer need be kept as the right-
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most field, lest your screen turn to <bleep> when all the
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following columns get misaligned.
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6d. Customization Flexibility
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-*- You have complete program naming freedom with no internal
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ties to a specific personal configuration file. Symbolic
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links could be used to establish different configuration
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files reflecting the different personalities of your cus-
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tomized "tops", under whatever aliases you've used.
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Thus, you could have an alias for running top in 'Batch
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mode', another for when you work from the Linux console and
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maybe a third used with X-Windows. All of that, yet still
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just a single binary image!
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-*- All of your configuration choices can be preserved in a per-
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sonal configuration file, including any changes made on a
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per-window basis. Thus, once you personalize things they
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remain personalized until you decide to change them again.
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This top has been completely cured of:
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i-cant-remember-so-please-do-that-all-over-again
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( and again, and again ... )
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The bottom line is this: if you save your configuration
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before quitting top, upon restart the display will appear
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exactly as you left it. And that means you no longer have to
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keep top running until-the-end-of-time (ok, a long time
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anyway), lest your customizations go bye-bye.
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## 7. NOTES and Rantings -----------------------------------------------##
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7a. The top Binary
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To whom it may (should) concern: this top, even with its vastly
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expanded capabilities, is only slightly larger than the old top.
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Were it not for extensive help text and additional sort callbacks,
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it would be smaller.
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Throw source carelessly at objectives, it will
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produce equally careless machine instructions.
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example: (num_pages - an_address)/1024 == duh?
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kicker: document result as broken, due to elf!
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----------------------------------------------
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I know you're out there, are you getting this?
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Now, as for all those new capabilities like colors and windows and
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highlighting, you'd expect this top to be the "mother of all pigs"
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compared to old top -- right?
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Yea, with this top expect following piglets:
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. A smaller virtual image and resident footprint
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. Slightly fewer major page faults
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. A large reduction in minor page faults for SMP
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. The same or better response time
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. The same or even less CPU costs
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Ideally any comparison of the old and new top should be against
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the same libproc format (32-bit or 64-bit tics) and run in a true
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or simulated SMP environment (producing separate CPU stats). This
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latter requirement will coax old top into handling his own
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'/proc/stat' access -- something this top always does, but with
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less cost.
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7b. Comparing Performance
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Even with equivalent libraries and '/proc/stat' access, it's dif-
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ficult to accurately compare tops using their own displays.
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Results for these cpu-intensive programs (who frequently exceed
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their time-slice) generally show a wide disparity in %CPU. This
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is due to differing call patterns, kernel preemptions and the tim-
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ing of process snapshots. For slightly better results, start each
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program with the following commands:
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./old-top -d 0.5
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nice -n-10 ./new-top -d 0.4
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While actually putting this top at a performance disadvantage, the
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higher scheduling priority and staggered timing will periodically
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yield a somewhat truer picture. You could even reverse those
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roles and get similar results.
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The most consistent performance results will be obtained 'off-
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line', using your shell's time pipe or the time program itself.
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And even in a single processor environment or without equivalent
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libraries, total cpu costs (user time + system time) are similar.
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However, this top's cpu costs ARE influenced by the capabilities
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you choose to exploit, even if they don't SEEM to be reflected in
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such timings. So let's examine some...
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7c. Cost of Stuff
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Colors Cost -- Nada (almost).
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Once the terminfo strings are built (at and during a user's
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behest) they are SAVED with each window's stuff. And while
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there will be extra tty escape sequences transmitted because of
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colors, it makes no difference which 'char *' is actually used.
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Highlighting Cost -- Nada (maybe), or blame it on Rio.
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On second thought, let's blame it on the user.
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For row highlighting, there is only the cost of those extra tty
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escape sequences (same as for colors). For column highlight-
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ing, there is a fairly significant cost associated with column
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transition management combined with even more tty output.
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These increased costs are incurred on every task display row.
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Sooo... hey USER -- do NOT highlight COLUMNS. You shouldn't
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need a constant visual reminder of your chosen sort field.
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However, if you forget which field top is sorting it can serve
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as a quick visual reminder.
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Windows Cost -- Nada (if just 1 window).
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If more than 1 window, almost certainly NOT Nada so blame it on
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reality. Colors are not an issue, but those sort fields are.
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If we could trust the user to always select the same 'c' state,
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'S' state and sort field (hey, why ya got multiple windows then
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user, huh?) AND if we can trust someone to recompile top with a
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#define enabled, then we could achieve 'Nada'.
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Ok, not likely, so we're gonna' be doing multiple sorts. BUT,
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it may not be as bad as it sounds. Those sorts involve point-
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ers only. And, that's as good as it gets ! (right Mr. N?)
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7d. The top Sources
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top.h
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Unlike his predecessor, this top has a proper header file. It
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contains ONLY declarations, NOT definitions. And there are
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several conditionals present to help with further customiza-
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tions and experimentation. All are Off by default.
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top.c
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Hopefully proves that source code needn't be a disorganized,
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misaligned MESS. And, WHO says a source listing shouldn't
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occasionally make you SMILE? Why, top.c even does a darn good
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job of following the suggestions in a document hardly anybody
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seems to observe.
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the Linus Torvalds CodingStyle guidelines ...
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-*- -*- -*- on indentation + etc. -*- -*- -*-
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well almost all, except for those stinkin'...
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I suppose even Linus Torvalds is entitled to err now and again.
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How so you say? Tabs, me' bucko, stinkin' tabs! That, plus the
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simplistic position regarding indentation espoused in that other-
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wise excellent document.
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-*- Rant On, and on -*-
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Let's compare two approaches to the tab/indentation issue with a
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small code sample using tabs then spaces. This snippet happens to
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be the key to top's use of dynamic colors on many static screens,
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while also ensuring screen width isn't exceeded so as to avoid
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line wraps. We'll view just the first 40 columns, assuming one
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wishes to occasionally provide comments to the right of actual
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code (you do, don't you?).
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Then YOU decide which approach makes the most SENSE!
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Stinkin' Tabs versus Spaces: the Linus way
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Hey, where'd my +----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4+
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many code lines | while (*sub_beg) { :
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up-and-gone-to? | switch (*sub_end:
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| case 0: :
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Gosh, wonder if | \ Tabs Induced / :
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Linus expects a | case 1: :
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fellow to stick | + WASTE-Lands! + case 5: :
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his comments on | :
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the left side?! | + Not a Living + :
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| :
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Ever see source | + line-of-code + :
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with not enough | :
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whitespace; and | / To Be Found! \ :
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this is better? | default::
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| :
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Oh lookie here, \ } :
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there's just a hint of REAL code! ----> if (0 >= room) b:
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/ } /* end: while 'subtrin:
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+----------------------------------------+
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Spaces versus Stinkin' Tabs: the other way
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+----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4+
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Wow, now this is | while (*sub_beg) { :
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Visible hackin'! | switch (*sub_end) { :
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| case 0: :
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Hmmm, wonder how | *(sub_end + 1) = '\0'; :
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many programmers | case 1: case 2: case 3: case:
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read those lines | case 5: case 6: case 7: case:
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from the LEFT to | cap = Curwin->captab[(int:
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the RIGHT? This | *sub_end = '\0'; :
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"innovation" may | PUTP("%s%.*s%s", cap, roo:
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possibly benefit | room -= (sub_end - sub_be:
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those particular | sub_beg = ++sub_end; :
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kinds of people, | break; :
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you agree? Duh! | default: :
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| ++sub_end; :
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AND, there might | } :
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even be room for | if (0 >= room) break; :
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unseen comments! | } /* end: while 'subtrings' */ :
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+----------------------------------------+
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Gosh, I just don't KNOW -- it's such a TOUGH choice...
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Oh you Stinkin' Tabs: correspondence, Who-Cares; documentation,
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Oh-Alright; even scripts, Well-If-You-Must. But you have NO place
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within the code-space of MY C-source listing! So be gone
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already!!
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In Summation...
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- If you want to use tabs to the right of the code, go-for-it.
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But PLEASE, not ever in the C-source code-space, thank-you-
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kindly. Just use three little ol' spaces (exactly 3, no-more,
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no-less) where you WOULD have stuck a stinkin' tab.
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We'll get far more READABLE files, much less WAISTED precious
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horizontal space, more consistent CURSORS and on, and ON, AND
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ON! Plus, without those awful *the-devil's-own-handiwork*, the
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aforementioned document need NEVER speak of their EVILS again.
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- Lastly, since SPACES (not stinkin' tabs) are SO beneficial,
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maybe we should use just a few more of 'em. Some of those C-
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thingies are VERY sensitive -- they don't like being TOUCHED
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by any other syntax element! Which ones? Why these guys:
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braces, reserved words and binary operators
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( it's the TRUTH, they told me themselves )
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It's so EASY to keep 'em HAPPY! And lo-and-behold, the combi-
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nation of <sp>thingy<sp> turns out to be a darn effective bug
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repellent, too. So much so, one can actually code while
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TOTALLY NUDE yet still avoid them ol' bug-bytes (sic-sic)!
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step
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down_from
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me_punctilious
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soap-box_once_again
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[1 +5 +5 +5 = huh?]
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## 4c. EXAMPLES of Windows ---------------------------------------------##
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-*- The 'A' Mode Command Toggle -*-
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Here's what you'll see when you first invoke the alternate-display
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mode interactive command.
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This particular display was produce on a VT100 xterm, with only 24
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rows. All four task displays are visible, but they could not be sized
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the same. Available lines are parceled out in the fairest way possi-
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ble so the last two task displays have an extra line each.
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Notice the 'current' window name in the summary area -- it's been
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emphasized because the associated task display is visible. Since
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1:Def has a task area, the full range of interactive commands would be
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at your disposal. But remember, many of those commands will apply
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only to window 1:Def.
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+--------------------------------------+
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1:Def name is bold, |1:Def - 15:46:37 up 16:25, 9 users, :
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thus all commands |Tasks: 76 total, 1 running, 75 sle:
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will be available. |Cpu(s): 0.7% user, 1.3% system, :
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|Mem: 126588k total, 123688k used,:
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|Swap: 265032k total, 8232k used,:
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|______________________________________:
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Tough luck windows |1__PID_USER______PR__NI_%CPU____TIME+_:
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#1 & 2 - you lost | 7343 jtwm 16 0 0.9 0:00.59:
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one line each -- | 7339 jtwm 9 0 0.0 0:00.02:
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guess you'll just |__7337_root_______9___0__0.0___0:01.30:
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have to learn how |2__PID__PPID_Command____________TIME+_:
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to live with it. | 997 952 kdeinit 17:59.59:
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| 1115 952 kdeinit 2:16.47:
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|__1803__1116_led_______________1:55.30:
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|3__PID_%MEM__VIRT_SWAP__RES_CODE_DATA_:
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The #3 & #4 windows | 4634 12.3 15620 0 15m 860 14m :
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better not gloat | 7337 11.3 14396 92 13m 36 13m :
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over 1 extra line. | 923 10.6 30524 16m 13m 1120 12m :
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That user could yet |___991__7.2__9492__316_9176___12_9164_:
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sock 'em with the |4_UID_USER_____GROUP____TTY________PID:
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'n' command and | 43 xfs xfs ? 806:
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take those lines, | 0 ykde users pts/7 5561:
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plus others, away! | 0 wgnome users pts/7 5560:
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| 0 root root pts/7 5325:
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+--------------------------------------+
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So, what say we start applying some of those "full range of interac-
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tive commands"?
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Onward + Downward...
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-*- STACKIN' & WHACKIN' Windows -*-
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|
Whoa, hold on mate. Someone has already whacked these windows. See,
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there are no task areas for windows 1:Def and 4:Usr. Well, we can at
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|
least retrace their steps...
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Here's what was done, after issuing the 'A' command and entering
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alternate-display mode.
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1) When #1 was the 'current' window, '-' was pressed,
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toggling Off the associated task display
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( if 'l t m' had been applied to its summary, too )
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( then there'll be only a msg line when 'current' )
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2) Then the 'w' key was struck to cycle backward,
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making 4:Usr the 'current' window
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(could have used 'a a a', if one likes to type)
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3) Then step #1 was repeated, and bye-bye window #4
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4) Finally, window #2 was made the 'current' window
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( Q. how many keystrokes were used? )
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( A. minimum of 2: 'a a' or 'w w'. )
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+--------------------------------------+
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No 'l','t','m','1' |2:Top - 15:48:35 up 16:27, 9 users, :
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commands have been |Tasks: 75 total, 1 running, 74 sle:
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issued here, |Cpu(s): 2.0% user, 0.7% system, :
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but... |Mem: 126588k total, 123712k used,:
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|Swap: 265032k total, 8232k used,:
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|______________________________________:
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#2's been changed; |2__PID__PPID_Command____________TIME+_:
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user applied a 'c' | 997 952 kdeinit: konsol 18:00.70:
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command (when it | 1115 952 kdeinit: konsol 2:16.47:
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was current) - now | 1803 1116 led tiptop.HELP 1:55.30:
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shows cmd lines vs. | 923 922 X :0 1:09.60:
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program names; | 973 1 klaptopdaemon 0:59.63:
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still seems to be | 981 952 /usr/bin/artsd 0:48.63:
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sorted on TIME+ | 987 1 kdeinit: kdeskt 0:24.34:
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though |___991_____1_kdeinit:_kicker___0:04.59:
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|
|3__PID_%MEM__VIRT_SWAP__RES_CODE_DATA_:
|
|
This #3 guy appears | 4634 12.3 15620 0 15m 860 14m :
|
|
to still be running | 7337 11.3 14396 92 13m 36 13m :
|
|
with the supplied | 923 10.6 30544 16m 13m 1120 12m :
|
|
defaults, but no | 991 7.2 9492 316 9176 12 9164 :
|
|
telling what damage | 7329 7.0 9036 140 8896 36 8860 :
|
|
might have been | 1115 6.9 8956 160 8796 36 8760 :
|
|
done to it's | 987 6.4 8668 524 8144 20 8124 :
|
|
summary info stuff | 1131 6.4 8268 144 8124 36 8088 :
|
|
+--------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
And that's what brought us to this current state. No, wait. Oh
|
|
lordy, will you look at that -- someone has changed the name of win-
|
|
dow #2 from 'Job' to 'Top'!
|
|
|
|
How'd they do that? Well, they just issued the 'g' interactive com-
|
|
mand, of course. That command is available whenever alternate-display
|
|
mode is active and always impacts just the 'current' window. Gosh,
|
|
you can even issue the 'g' command when 'l' has toggled Off the very
|
|
summary area line containing the window name!
|
|
|
|
Almost Done...
|
|
|
|
-*- ALL TOGETHER Now, Window(s) -*-
|
|
Here, the window 1:Def task display has been toggled Off but it
|
|
remains the 'current' window. Since there is no task area, many com-
|
|
mands will be restricted. However, the commands ('l', 't', 'm', '1')
|
|
affecting the summary area, as well as some other global commands
|
|
('k', 'Z', etc.), would still be active.
|
|
|
|
Notice that the Mem and Swap lines are not shown. This means that the
|
|
loser (oops, user) has, in fact, issued the 'm' command! Now, if you
|
|
were to cycle the 'current' window with the 'a' or 'w' commands, the
|
|
task display would remain the same (except possibly growing/shrinking
|
|
slightly) but the summary area would change periodically.
|
|
|
|
The comments to the left of the image provide additional insights into
|
|
how things came to be. Note especially the comments for window 4:Usr
|
|
-- the one with some empty rows...
|
|
|
|
1:Def no highlight, +--------------------------------------+
|
|
thus disabled cmds: |1:Def - 15:50:32 up 16:29, 9 users, :
|
|
b,i,n,u,x,y, etc. |Tasks: 75 total, 2 running, 73 sle:
|
|
& m = lost Mem/Swap |Cpu(s): 10.6% user, 0.0% system, :
|
|
|______________________________________:
|
|
2:Job was very busy: |2__PID__PPID_Command____________TIME+_:
|
|
'n' cmd, w/ 7 tasks | 80 1 ( khubd ) 0:00.00:
|
|
'c' cmd, cmd line | 6 0 ( kreclaimd ) 0:00.00:
|
|
'O' cmd, sort cmd | 9 1 ( mdrecoveryd ) 0:00.00:
|
|
'R' cmd, sort bkwd | 11358 1 /bin/bash/ /usr 0:00.00:
|
|
'x' cmd, hi column | 1297 1 /sbin/mingetty 0:00.00:
|
|
(when 2 WAS current) | 683 1 xinetd -stayali 0:00.00:
|
|
|___836_____1_login_--_root_____0:00.00:
|
|
3:Mem has altered |3__PID_%MEM__VIRT_SWAP__RES_CODE_DATA_:
|
|
some std defaults: | 4634 12.3 15620 0 15m 860 14m :
|
|
'y' turned Off | 7337 11.3 14396 92 13m 36 13m :
|
|
'x' turned On | 923 10.6 30544 16m 13m 1120 12m :
|
|
(when 3 WAS current) | 991 7.2 9492 316 9176 12 9164 :
|
|
|__7329__7.0__9036__140_8896___36_8860_:
|
|
Huh? 4:Usr has some |4_UID_USER_____GROUP____TTY________PID:
|
|
blank rows! ? ? ? ? | 0 jtwm root pts/2 5561:
|
|
Aha, the 'i' command | 0 root root ? 5560:
|
|
applied (when 4 WAS | :
|
|
current); could be | :
|
|
reversed with '=', | :
|
|
when 4 IS current! +--------------------------------------+
|
|
|
|
Ok now, how about that 'current' window 1:Def and its unseen tasks?
|
|
At any time, you can quickly retrieve lost tasks in a number of ways:
|
|
1) Press '-', toggling just the 'current' window
|
|
2) Press '_', toggling all visible/invisible windows
|
|
( 1:Def is the only window currently not shown )
|
|
( afterward, it'll be the only window showing! )
|
|
* 3) Press '+', forcing all task displays to become visible
|
|
4) Press 'A' to return to full-screen mode,
|
|
with only 1:Def tasks shown and without a window name
|
|
|
|
Now that should be enough ways of getting a task area visible again to
|
|
satisfy almost any user, don't ya think?
|
|
|
|
Note: Use #3 above when you've messed up your screen beyond
|
|
redemption. The four task displays will reappear, nice and even.
|
|
They will also have retained any customizations you had previously
|
|
applied, except for the 'i' (idle tasks) and 'n' (max tasks) com-
|
|
mands.
|
|
|
|
That's It ! Piece of Cake !! Enjoy them there windows !!!
|
|
|